A Review of Evidence that Ultraviolet-B Irradiance and Vitamin D Reduce Risk for Cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The solar ultraviolet-B (UVB)–vitamin D–cancer hypothesis was proposed in 1980 and has been actively investigated since then. The strongest evidence is from ecologic studies that use indices of solar UVB doses with geographic data on cancer incidence and/or mortality rates. Good evidence also comes from observational studies for breast and colorectal cancer incidence as well as survival rates for several cancers. Laboratory studies have well described the mechanisms whereby vitamin D reduces risk for cancer and increases survival rates after diagnosis. The hypothesis largely satisfies Hill’s criteria for causality for breast and colorectal cancer and moderately satisfies it for several other cancers. However, only two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found a reduction in cancer incidence for higher vitamin D3 intake. Thus, general acceptance of the UVB–vitamin D–cancer hypothesis will probably be delayed until a large-scale RCT supports it.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".