Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gender-based crimes against humanity are prevalent in situations of insecurity, such as armed conflict. Several gender-based crimes against humanity have been recognized in the statutes of international criminal tribunals, such as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and in the case law of these tribunals. This recognition has largely focused on crimes against humanity of sexual violence, especially rape and sexual slavery. Less developed is the recognition of the crime against humanity of gender-based persecution and other crimes that are gendered but may not contain sexual aspects. This chapter begins by examining what is meant by the term “gender” when referring to gender-based crimes against humanity. Next, the chapter explores the ways in which gender-based crimes have been reflected in current international criminal law. This section first describes legal developments related to sexual violence crimes: rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, and other forms of sexual violence. Then, current international law on other gender-based crimes against humanity is considered, such as the Rome Statute's definition of gender-based persecution and the Special Court for Sierra Leone's definition of forced marriage. This paper then discusses other prohibited acts with gendered aspects, such as enslavement and torture. It concludes with recommendations for gender-based prohibited acts that should be reflected in any future crimes against humanity codification. It also raises questions that will need to be considered by drafters of a treaty codifying crimes against humanity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".