The morphology of Nafion: are ion clusters bridged by channels or single ionic sites?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nafion{sup Ri}s perfluorosulfonated ionomer membrane that is used as a solid polymer electrolyte in H{sub 2}/O{sub 2} fuel cells due to its excellent chemical stability and high ionic conductivity. This paper describes experiments designed to probe the morphology of water-swollen and air-dried Nafion{sup Rm}embranes using small angle X-ray scattering and fitting the resulting data to an interparticle model. For air-dried Nafion membranes the average diameter of ionic clusters was found to be 2.24 nm ; for wet Nafion membranes of the -SO{sub 3}H groups the average ionic cluster diameter was 4.10 nm. The minimum and maximum distances of separation between the surfaces of two adjacent hydrated clusters were 0.30 nm and 0.88 nm, respectively. These distances may be bridged by single hydrated ionic sites, but since there are several ionic sites per ionic core that reside outside the core, it is suggested that the connection between ionic cores most likely occurs via multiple single ion sites. 40 refs., 3 tabs., 4 figs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".