Analytical, morphological, and rheological behavior of sulphur-extended-binder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bituminous material is a limited natural resource mainly used in hot mix asphalt production. The high costs coupled with the large amounts required have been forcing pavement engineers to find cost effective alternative materials that can be used as extenders or partial substitutes. This prohibitive cost factor led this paper to focus on the utilization of abundant granular sulphur as an extender for the more expensive bituminous material. In this study, sulphur-extended binders were prepared by using a 50/70 grade bitumen and by increasing the amounts of granular sulphur as an extension up to a maximum 50% by weight. The samples were then exposed to short and long-term aging by performing the rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel tests. Aged and virgin samples were then further tested using analytical, rheological, and morphological testing methods. The promising results demonstrate that the sulphur-extended binder not only increases the performance of the neat bitumen, but can also lower overall costs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".