BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY IN CANADA (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SCIENCE)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is a personal account of the history, accomplishments and future of biological oceanography in Canada with emphasis on Canadian government research. Canadian biological oceanographers have a rich history pre-dating the formal beginning of marine scientific research in the country with the establishment of the St Andrews and Nanaimo field stations in the early 1900s. Over the years, they have distinguished themselves by being leaders in the early developments of the discipline, including methodologies, concepts and understanding of both the pelagic and benthic ecosystems. In more recent years, Canadian biological oceanographers have led in the conceptualization,planning and implementation of major interdisciplinary/international research initiatives on climate change and ecosystem dynamics. Additionally, they are making important contributions to ecosystem and climate monitoring, research aimed at understanding the influence of ecosystems on harvestable living resource variability and on climate change, and development and application of ecosystem and climate models. Canadian biological oceanographers have made and continue to make significant contributions to the understanding of the biology of the oceans and its interactions with the physical, chemical and geological world. The challenge of solving the complex scientific and societal problems of the future will require better planning, coordination and strongercommitment to the ocean sciences by universities and government than is currently in place. Strategic planning to define goals and responsibilities is urgently needed and should include not only government and universities, but also private sector research and industry.Ceci est une vue personnelle de l’historique, des réussites et de l’avenir del’océanographie biologique au Canada qui met l’accent sur la recherche gouvernementale canadienne. Les océanographes biologiques canadiens ont un passé riche qui pré date le début officiel de la recherche scientifique marine dans ce pays avec la fondation des stations marines St. Andrews et Nanaimo au début des années 1900. Au fil des ans ils se sont distingués par leur rôle de chef de file dans le développement de cette discipline, couvrant les méthodes, les concepts et la compréhension des écosystèmes pélagiques et benthiques. Les océanographes biologiques canadiens ont mené dans la conceptualisation, la planification et la mise en place d’initiatives majeures en recherche multidisciplinaire et internationale sur le changement climatique et ladynamique des écosystèmes. De plus, ils font actuellement des contributions importantes à la surveillance du climat et des écosystèmes, à la recherche visant à comprendre l’influence des écosystèmes sur la variabilité des ressources marines exploitables et sur le changement climatique, et au développement et à l’application des modèles climatiques et écosystémiques. Les océanographes biologiques canadiens ont fait (et continuent à faire) des contributions significatives à notre compréhension de la biologie des océans et de ses interactions avec la physique, la chimie et la géologie. Les défis soulevés par les problèmes scientifiques et socio-économiques complexes de l’avenir exigent une meilleure planification et coordination et un engagement plus fort envers les sciences océaniques que démontré présentement par les universités et les gouvernements. Il est urgent de développer une planification stratégique quidéfinit les objectifs et les responsabilités pour rencontrer les défis de l’avenir et qui inclue non seulement les gouvernements et les universités, mais aussi la recherche privée et l’industrie.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.041 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".