A PCR assay detects a male-specific duplicated copy of Anti-Müllerian hormone (amh) in the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anti-Müllerian hormone (amh) or Müllerian-inhibiting substance (mis) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β family of hormones. This gene plays a key role in vertebrate male sex-determination by inhibiting the development of the Müllerian ducts, and has been shown to be the master sex-determinant in the Patagonian pejerrey. RESULTS: In the lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus, both males and females share one copy of amh, however we have identified a second duplicate copy that appears solely in the male individuals. We have developed a PCR-based assay targeting the TGF-β domain of amh that provides a simple method with which to sex lingcod from a small amount of tissue. An analysis across 57 individuals gave a 100% success rate in identifying the phenotypic sex. CONCLUSIONS: We present a simple method to sex lingcod through non-lethal tissue sampling. A third, independent, male-specific duplication of amh in a teleost fish has been identified in the lingcod.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".