Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Sol during the Freeze–Thaw Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p class="1Body">A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) working under cryo-conditions was applied to analyzing the gelation and/or phase behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) sol during repeated freeze–thaw processes. The development of a porous structure with the gelation of PVA sol during the freeze–thaw cycle was examined in terms of the thermal behavior of the water in the sol and the viscoelastic behavior of the sol through thermal and QCM analyses. Water was liberated from the hydrophilic PVA during the freeze–thaw process through the aggregation of PVA. The water decreased the freezing temperature and increased the melting temperature because of the development of the porous structure with gelation by the thermal treatment. The state of the water during the gelation was estimated from the phase transition temperature and enthalpy change of the water during the thermal scan by using water-saturated silica gels with a series of pore size distributions. The viscoelasticity of the PVA sol during the freeze–thaw process was measured by cryo-QCM using admittance analysis (QCM-A). The free water and/or porous structure in the PVA sol was found to increase from the viscoelastic point of view by QCM measurements showing a shift in the resonance parameters (<em>f</em><sub>s</sub>, <em>R</em><sub>1</sub>). A hard gel was confirmed to form by the decrease in <em>f</em><sub>s</sub> and the increase in <em>R</em><sub>1</sub> with the thermal scan treatment. The cryo-QCM was found to be an effective probe for clarifying the gelation and phase behavior of PVA sol in detail with high resolution.</p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".