Transportation of Trace Metals and Major Elements in the Ottawa River, Northwest Ohio
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sediments in the lower parts of Ottawa River in Toledo, Ohio have a known history of contamination.Upstream studies have not shown a significant amount of contamination in sediments, but have found some metals present within the fine grained and/or organic material.This contaminated material is easily transported in the suspended load down the Ottawa River.This study addressed transport mechanisms of dissolved and solid phase to determine which was dominate for trace metal and major element concentrations.Filtered and unfiltered water samples were collected from the upper Ottawa River at 3 sites in the Wildwood Preserve Metropark (WW1, WW2, and WW3) and at 2 sites in Secor Metropark (SC2 and SC3).Samples were also collected to determine the total amount of suspended material in the river.Total Suspended Solids (TSS) was analyzed by filtering water samples through coarse, medium, and fine filter paper.Unfiltered water samples were digested following the procedure in EPA method 3105a.All water samples were analyzed for selected major and trace elements using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) at Bowling Green State University.Unfiltered sample concentrations were subtracted from filtered sample concentrations to evaluate the solid phase in the suspended load.A Mann-Whitey test of the filtered and unfiltered samples showed there was a significant difference between the two sample types.Discharge was shown as the most significant factor controlling the elemental concentrations through the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in both the unfiltered and filtered samples.The negative correlations of discharge vs. elemental viii
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".