A Dynamic Model of Silicon Bragg Grating Modulators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a dynamic model of silicon Bragg grating modulators that takes into account the distributed feedback of the grating coupled to depletion-based phase-shifters. We further consider the on-chip degradation of the radio-frequency excitation. This dynamic model allows the optimization of the grating design parameters such as its strength and length. We apply the proposed model to uniform Bragg grating modulators and show that grating modulators operated in reflection have larger 3 dB E/O bandwidth (BW), while gratings operated in transmission have larger optical modulation amplitude. As a result, higher speed on-off keying signal will be obtained using the reflection port while higher quality multi-level pulse amplitude modulation signal should be obtained in transmission, albeit at a lower baud rate. We also show that longer gratings have larger 3 dB modulation BW but noisier responses. Finally, we find that optical propagation losses results in either higher driving voltage or reduced modulation BW. The model is experimentally validated and we examine how RF propagation losses also limit the E/O BW.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".