High-voltage pulse generator with variable delay for ultrafast gating of single photon detector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper we have developed an ultrafast pulse generator to turn on a Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) sensor with picosecond resolution, at specific time windows. The pulse amplitude and duration is user tunable to provide a variable excess bias voltage to the detector. The transition times (rise and fall time) of the pulse is in the range of 250 to 550 ps depending on the amplitude. The generator was designed to be applied in reflectance optical spectroscopy measurements where the diffusive medium is illuminated from a point source and diffused photons are collected at a given distance from the source. To increase the sensitivity to higher penetration depth of investigation, the source and the detector separation should be small which in turn increases the number of unwanted early arriving photons. This system will keep the detector off for the first 500-600ps, thus rejecting the early arriving photons, and will only turn-ON the detector when it is expected to detect the late photons coming from the deeper regions. The proposed fully CMOS integrated system is the first of its kind to be introduced for the ultra-fast gating of the single photon detectors.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".