Human Milk Oligosaccharides Important for Infant Defense
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human milk is the “gold standard” nutrition for infants. Human milk contains all necessary nutrients needed for infant growth and developments. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important functional ingredients found in human milk, in addition to standard nutrients. They have complex structure and represent third predominant components in human milk. Functions of HMOs are not fully understood but it is thought that they play an important role in the development of immune system, the prevention of pathogenic infection and, in the modulation of infant gut microbiota. HMOs are indigestible to human digestive enzymes and act as prebiotics. Study shows that HMOs favors promoting the colonisation of Bifidobacteria, which is found to be beneficial and major microbiome in the gut of breast-fed infants. HMOs show anti pathogenic effects and may protect infants from different pathogenic microorganisms such as, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera and Rotavirus. HMOs may provide specific and/or non-specific immune defense to infants via various mechanisms. They may shape the growth of intestinal microflora, may prevent the attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to intestinal cells and may influence inflammatory processes by reducing leukocyte binding to endothelial cells. In vivo defense functions of HMOs in the human milk-fed infants have not been established yet. Future research may focus on to elucidate and verify the beneficial effects of HMOs for the breast-fed infant, as well as impact of HMOs to the health of the breast-feeding mother and the composition of other milk components.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".