Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The previous chapter traced the origins of the new institutions that were established in the immediate post-World War II period, and which defined a new form of capitalism. Their origins were to be found in the poor economic performance of the 1930s, which either caused or accelerated the formation of new institutions at the national level. The war itself had demonstrated the ability of governments to manage their economies, confirming the view that such management was needed to provide economic stability and to meet national economic objectives. These emergent economic systems were at odds with the aim of the USA, as economic hegemon, to support the reconstruction of the West European economies in its own image. US ambitions in this direction were eclipsed by the advent of the Cold War. Instead, the USA accepted these new forms of capitalism as necessary to the European economic and political stability that had become an absolute requirement of its Cold War policy. The Cold War policy imperatives also led to a new international regime designed to encourage trade and European economic cooperation. The experience of protectionism in the 1930s had led to general agreement that multilateral trade and payments should be resumed, but the European governments prevailed over US preferences, and the system put in place reflected their fears for the competitiveness of their industries by postponing full implementation of the agreements reached at Bretton Woods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.053 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".