Regulations Regarding the Practice of Psychotherapy in Quebec: One Step Forward, Two Steps Backwards?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Quebec innovated by recently passing a new law, commonly known as “Bill 21,” that regulates several clinical activities considered at risk activities, including psychotherapy. Bill 21 is meant to support “competent access,” recognizing different groups of professionals, including counsellors, who may offer psychotherapy services, with conditions. For practitioners who are neither psychologists nor physicians, these conditions include the obligation to be a member of a professional regulatory body, possession of a master’s degree, and successful completion of a 600-hour clinical internship and 765 hours of theoretical training. The responsibility for assessment of eligibility for a psychotherapy permit of all psychotherapists who are not psychologists or physicians and the authority to issue psychotherapy permits lie with the Order (College) of Psychologists of Quebec (OPQ). However, the OPQ appears to interpret the law in a way that imposes additional requirements on psychotherapists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".