Hydrothermal liquefaction of a wastewater native <i>Chlorella sp</i>. bacteria consortium: biocrude production and characterization
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Along the recent developments of biofuel production, the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae appears as a major process step which could take advantage of converting the whole microalgae content instead of only extracting its lipid content. This study presents the HTL conversion of a microalgae Chlorella sp. bacteria consortium using a batch type reactor. The experiments were carried out using a full factorial experimental design approach, where the main chosen factors were the temperature, the residence time at maximum temperature and the dry-matter-to-water ratio. The biocrude oil is the targeted product characterized along this work; its production and its composition were studied. The yields of biocrudes approach other microalgae studies using pure strains of microalgae and batch-type reactors. Maximum yields (37%daf) and lowest O/C ratio (0.167) were obtained at the highest severity conditions (310 °C for 55 min and 0.15 dry-matter-to-water ratio). The energy return on energy invested (EROEI) of the process has been determined. The simulated distillation by thermogravimetric analysis (Sim-Dis-TGA) was conducted on the different obtained biocrude and no significant effect was observed with respect to five evaporation ranges among the studied conditions. GC-MS characterization of biocrude presents the 10 relatively most abundant components for each studied condition.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it