Ichnology of carbonate environments, rocky shorelines, and volcanic terrains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pillars are forty-two feet in height; their surface is smooth and uninjured to the height of about twelve feet above their pedestals. Above this, is a zone, twelve feet in height, where the marble has been pierced by a species of marine perforating bivalve – Lithodomus , Cuv. The holes of these animals are pear-shaped, the external opening being minute, and gradually increasing downwards. At the bottom of the cavities, many shells are still found, notwithstanding the great numbers that have been taken by the visitors. The perforations are so considerable in depth and size, that they manifest a long continued abode of the Lithodomi in the columns; for, as the inhabitant grows older and increases in size, it bores a larger cavity, to correspond with the increasing magnitude of its shell. We must, consequently, infer a long continued immersion of the pillars in sea-water, at a time when the lower part was covered up and protected by strata of tuff and the rubbish of buildings, the highest part at the same time projecting above the waters, and being consequently weathered, but not materially injured. Charles Lyell Principles of Geology (1830) Estoy sentado aquí en el atolón. Estoy sentado y plantado aquí en el atolón. Luis Alberto Spinetta Holanda (1996) As mentioned in previous chapters, our ichnological knowledge of the different depositional environments is highly variable. For example, carbonates have received less attention than siliciclastics. Also, volcanic terrains have been little explored from an ichnological perspective. On the other hand, rocky shorelines, which fall within the realm of bioerosion, have been the focus of a number of detailed ichnological studies, both on modern and ancient shorelines. In fact, the study of bioerosion has a long history, starting with Lyell’s (1830) observation of borings produced by the lithophagid bivalve Lithodomus , which actually belongs in the ichnogenus Gastrochaenolites , pervasively bioeroding the marble pillars of the Temple of Serapis. In this chapter, we will explore the ichnology of this last set of environments. First, we will focus on carbonate rocks, addressing shallow-marine tropical carbonates, reefs, shelf and deep-sea chalk, and carbonate turbidites. Second, we will review our present knowledge of rocky shorelines. Finally, we will explore the ichnology of environments strongly affected by volcanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".