666Bronchiolitis in Indigenous Infants: a Review of Incidence and Risk Factors in Canada, the United States (US), Australia and New Zealand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background. Health outcomes of indigenous populations are often different than those of non-indigenous peoples in the same country. Bronchiolitis, usually due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), is the most common cause of hospitalization in infancy; we performed a systematic review to determine the incidence of and risk factors for bronchiolitis in indigenous children in four English speaking affluent countries (Canada, US, New Zealand, Australia). Methods. An electronic search of Medline for English language literature for the years 1966 to 2012 was conducted. MeSH headings used were:[bronchiolitis]; [respiratory tract infection]; [Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection] combined with each of the following MeSH terms: [Inuit]; [Indians, North American]; and [Oceanic Ancestry Group]. The search was repeated using the MeSH terms [bronchiolitis]; [respiratory tract infection]; [Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection] and the text terms “Aboriginal” and “Indigenous”. Any article describing incidence in children <5 years using a population denominator was eligible. No methodologic or quality criteria were applied. Results. 403 articles were identified; 52 were included. Review of the reference lists of these papers identified 6 additional papers. Illness outcomes were hospitalization (classified as RSV or bronchiolitis or pneumonia or any respiratory), outpatient care, emergency room visit or mortality. Most studies (75%) were retrospective and based on secondary data. >90% of studies compared illness rates to a non-indigenous population. All studies found higher illness rates in indigenous children than in the reference population; rates ranged from 1.3 to 20 times higher. Risk factors identified were age < 2 months, household crowding, prenatal tobacco use, wood stove, poor air quality, remote residence, low birth weight, low cord blood anti-RSV antibody, and protective factors were breastfeeding and indoor plumbing. Conclusion. Indigenous infants are at higher risk for bronchiolitis requiring medical care than non-indigenous infants despite these countries' high standard of living. Many identified risk factors are preventable. Disclosures. All authors: No reported disclosures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".