Towards Improved Energy Efficiency of Aprotic Li-O<sub>2</sub> Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aprotic Li-O2 batteries have attracted intensive focus worldwide owing to its high energy density (up to 2-3 kWh kg-1), which is theoretically beyond that provided by any other rechargeable devices. Non-aqueous Li-O2 chemistry is based on reversible formation-decomposition of electrically insulating and corrosive Li2O2 at the cathode interface. Presumably, a chemically stable and conductive cathode interface is prerequisite for sustainable cell operation. Until very recently, carbon was the ubiquitous choice of cathode host in a Li-O2 cell. However, it is now accepted that the corrosion processes triggered by Li2O2 and the in-situ generated reactive oxygen intermediates render the Li-O2 cell employing carbon based cathodes highly energy-inefficient (~70%). And a major part of this inefficiency arises out of very high charge overpotential (1-1.5 V) and incomplete charge. In this context, non-carbonaceous cathode hosts possessing stable conductive interface for reduced polarization in O2 evolution, and soluble oxidation catalysts capable of Li2O2 oxidation without a direct electrical contact with the cathode are gaining immense interest. Here, we introduce novel high surface area and conductive inorganic nanostructures as cathode host in Li-O2 cells that improves charge overpotential to a great extent as a direct consequence of suppressed cathode corrosion. We also propose a novel redox mediator with highly favorable features for soluble oxidation catalysis. Characterization techniques ranging from electron microscopy, surface spectroscopy to operando electrochemical mass spectrometry have been applied to investigate the viability of the proposed systems. Through this presentation we not only discuss novel materials and catalysts capable of electrocatalytic oxygen reduction and evolution with improved voltage characteristics, but also present a new understanding of the critical parameters for the positive electrodes in aprotic Li-O2 batteries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".