Navigating Along Precedence: How Arctic Sovereignty Melts with the Ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The navigational channels across the Arctic bear the potential to significantly alter global trade routes. Navigation through the Arctic depends on the impact that climate change will have on the melting of ice. In the presence of much sea ice, ships will hold close to shore and thus depend on access to Canadian and Russian coastal waters. The territorial status of these coastal waters determines the applicable legal regime for navigation. If navigation becomes more feasible with the melting of sea ice, the unilaterally delimited coastal waters of Russia and Canada will move into the legal spotlight. Guidance can be found in the existing case law on maritime delimitation, which has elaborated on most of the important factors with respect to the delimitation of internal waters and territorial seas. Additionally, the case law on straits used for international navigation provides some guidance for the unprecedented situation of the Arctic sea lanes and the presence of ice. Only if the Arctic should become ice-free at some point will the coastal waters lose importance for the bulk of navigation, which could then proceed through the open sea across the North Pole.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".