Study on Early Recognition of Loess Landslides Based on Field Investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the purpose of agriculture irrigation, river water has been introduced into Heifangtai region from the Yellow River several times a year since 1968, which ensued a steady rise in underground water level by a yearly rate of 0.18 m with a cumulative total rise of up to 20 m over Heifangtai catchment. This ponding effect of water injection triggered landslides (3~5 events per year) at the edge of Heifangtai tableland. Failures of loess slopes have caused high causalities, and inhibited the local economy. This study aims at investigating the distribution patterns of loess landslides and their formation conditions in Heifangtai region, so as to establish approaches to early recognition and prediction of underlying landslides. Landslides in Heifangtai were delineated through visual interpretation of high resolution images obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry. Digital Elevation Model with high resolution 10 cm was acquired by 3D laser scanning technology and close-range photogrammetry. With field investigation, landslide distribution patterns and characteristics, as well as the local geological structure, were examined and two early recognition criteria for landslides are established. The results indicate that an intact slope section between two old landslide sections is the most possible locations for new landslides and areas with rising groundwater level are prone to landslides. For example, in 2015 a landslide occurred at the gaps of a 2014 landslide body. The rising of local groundwater level was induced either by blockage of underground water outlets by landslide deposits and freeze in winter or by heavy rainfall. Early recognition of loess landslides would protect local communities and land resources from landslide hazards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".