New Judicial Thinking on Sovereignty and Federalism: American and Canadian Comparisons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article surveys the development of new doctrines of federalism by the U.S. Supreme Court since the court decided Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985). This period is notable for the emergence of diverging attitudes on sovereignty and the role of the states in American federalism. This article discusses the development of these contending models and recent developments in the jurisprudence of federalism by the Supreme Court of Canada. Recent Canadian decisions do not discuss sovereignty. Instead, the Canadian Court promotes a balanced view of federalism, which is particularly evident in Reference Re: Firearms Act (Can.). The Canadian Court's studious avoidance of a principled position may be more deceptive politics than that plied by the highly criticized American Court. More important, the Canadian experience, which patiently builds up doctrines around precedent rather than theory, may be an example for the American Court.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.016 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".