Cooperative economics : a step by step guide to local currency development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The presence of local currencies far outdates that of the national dollar. The idea of a single currency did not even come into being until the 19th century when the Bank of England was established as the only bank allowed to print banknotes in Great Britain (Tibbett, 1997; Davies, 2009). Massachusetts bay colony was the first to issue paper currency in North America in 1690. The first bank notes were issued by the Bank of Montreal in 1817. Local paper currencies first appeared in the US in the form of municipal currencies during the ‘Free Banking’ era of 1837-65; a period when there was no central bank in the US (Jayaraman & Oak, 2005). The United States did not have a Central Bank until after the Civil War when a national currency became the norm and municipal currencies were no longer used (Solomon, 1996). Canada did not have a national currency until confederation in 1867 and did not have a Central Bank3 until 1933.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.048 | 0.033 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".