Signal mechanisms in photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy(Conference Presentation)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We recently introduced photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy as an all-optical non-contact optical-resolution modality with absorption-based photoacoustic contrast. A pulsed excitation beam is optically focused into a sample then the resulting photoacoustic signal is sensed using a confocal long-coherence probe beam right at the source of the large pressures generated. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain the source of these large signals, including surface-displacements, local refractive-index step-modulation, scatterer displacements, and photothermal mechanisms. We carefully model each of these mechanisms and predict the fraction of modulated light from each. Experimental measurements detect ~0.1% of the incident interrogation light is modulated and this is confirmed with theoretical modulation calculations. We provide experimental evidence that pressure-induced refractive-index step modulation and scatter position modulation may be highly significant modulation mechanisms. We also model theoretical limitations of signal-to-noise and discuss future system optimization opportunities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".