Catheter-Based Microrotary Motor Enabled by Ferrofluid for Microendoscope Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports the first microrotary motor enabled with a novel ferrofluid-based levitation mechanism used as an extremely simple miniaturized bearing material for microendoscopy applications. The ferrofluid bearing is magnetically sustained on the permanent magnet rotor that is levitated by the bearing layer inside a tubular substrate, an endoscope catheter. The levitated rotor is electromagnetically driven by two photo-defined meander-type coils formed around the outer walls of the catheter that enables 90°-step angular actuation of the rotor. Two types of micromotors with 1.6-mm and 500-μm-sized rotors are designed, fabricated, and tested. The fabricated prototypes of the motors are successfully operated to rotate the prism mirrors integrated with the motors, with revolution rates as high as 1875 and 1500 r/min for the 1.6-mm and 500-μm rotor types, respectively. Thermal behaviors of the devices are also characterized and reported. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the motor design and indicate high potential for side-viewing microendoscopic applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".