Bibliographic record
Abstract
The primary objectives of this study were to develop an effective reactive extrusion process to produce granular phosphorylated pea starches with enhanced enzyme resistance, and examine the effects of bulk phosphorylation conditions on the morphology, physicochemical and functional properties of extruded pea starch phosphates. Two types of commercially available pea starches (NutriPea and Meelunie) were chosen as the research subjects in this study with differing native resistance. A number of methods including optical microscopy, SEM, ICP-OES, Englyst method, DSC and rapid visco analysis (RVA) were used to characterize the morphology and properties of extruded pea starches. The effects of feed formulations and extrusion conditions on phosphorus incorporation and Englyst digestion profiles were examined systemically. The results showed that phosphorus content and digestion profiles were highly dependent on the feed moisture. Enzyme resistance did not positively correlate with phosphorus content for extruded pea starch phosphates in contrast to their counterparts prepared by conventional aqueous slurry. This was because extrusion processing can markedly increase the susceptibility of pea starch granules to enzymatic digestion. Lower feed moisture content (40%) gave lower phosphorus content, significantly lower RDS content, and higher SDS and/or RS content. Bulk phosphorylation in the extruder resulted in decreased RS2 content but increased RS4 content. Screw geometry with excessive mixing index was not desirable in terms of producing resistant starch. High screw speeds (150rpm and 200rpm) and low feed rate (1.02kg/h) brought about higher yields of SDS and RS in spite of lower phosphorus incorporation. Reactive extrusion of pea starches under optimized conditions achieved a significant but moderate increase either in RS content (from 18.67% to 22.57% for NutriPea) or in SDS content (from 37.18% to 42.23% for Meelunie) compared to their native counterparts. However, RS and SDS content could not be improved simultaneously at least based on these pea starches and the reactive extrusion processes in this study. The optical and SEM micrographs confirmed that the granule integrity was largely retained after optimized reactive extrusion process. DSC thermograms found no significant correlation between gelatinization characteristics and Englyst digestion profiles. Evidenced by RVA pasting profiles, NutriPea pea starch phosphates exhibited enhanced thermal and shear stability in comparison to their native counterpart. A novel foaming injection technology of cross-linking reagents solution was pioneeringly introduced to uniformly coat all starch particles at the lowest moisture level possible during the continuous production of granular NutriPea pea starch phosphates. Yet, the resulting phosphorus incorporation was much lower than expected and would require further studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".