Winter Wheat Yields Are Increased by Seed Treatment and Fall‐Applied Fungicide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Poor stand establishment resulting in lower yield is a major constraint to expanding winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) land area across the semiarid temperate regions of the northern Great Plains. We conducted a direct‐seeded study at nine sites across western Canada totaling 26 environments (site‐years) over three growing seasons (2011–2013) to observe the responses of the winter wheat cultivar CDC Buteo to five levels of seed treatment (i) Check–no seed treatment, (ii) tebuconozole [( RS )‐ 1‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐3‐(1 H , 1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)pentan‐ 3‐ol], (iii) metalxyl {2‐[(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐oxoethyl) amino} propanoic acid methyl ester], (iv) imidacloprid ( N ‐{1‐[(6‐Chloro‐3‐pyridyl)methyl]‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐yl}nitramide), and (v) dual fungicide/insecticidal seed treatment: tebuconozole, + metalxyl + imidacloprid; and two levels of fall‐applied fungicide (i) Check–no application or (ii) foliar‐applied prothioconazole {2‐[2‐(1‐chlorocyclopropyl)‐3‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐hydroxypropyl]‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione} performed in mid‐October. The check and the fungicide seed treatment, metalaxyl, produced similarly low grain yield resulting in lower net returns, whereas the dual fungicide/insecticide seed treatment provided the highest yield and net returns (CAN+$13 ha −1 ). Fall‐applied fungicide improved yield (0.06 Mg ha −1 ), but decreased net returns (–$12 ha −1 ). Plant density increased slightly (13 plants m −2 ) when seed treatments included the insecticide component, imidacloprid. Fall foliar fungicides generally improved spring plant density; however, no benefit was observed in seed treatments containing imidacloprid. Greater yield and plant stand stability was observed with fall‐applied foliar fungicide applications; however, fall foliar would be cost prohibitive. The benefits of a fall foliar fungicide application requires further exploration in the context of an added input or as an alternative to a spring application as the net returns of a fall foliar compared to no application in the system render the input cost‐prohibitive. Core Ideas Seed treatment increases winter wheat yield. Fall‐applied fungicide increases winter wheat yield. Seed treatment increases winter wheat net returns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".