Electronically Passivated Hole‐Blocking Titanium Dioxide/Silicon Heterojunction for Hybrid Silicon Photovoltaics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carrier‐selective heterojunctions are important for low‐cost silicon‐based photovoltaic applications. A low temperature (<100 °C) chemical vapor deposition technique is used here to deposit ultrathin (n‐type) titanium dioxide (TiO2) layers onto hydrogen‐passivated surfaces of crystalline‐silicon (c‐Si). Energy level alignment and chemical composition at these abrupt, interfacial layer‐free TiO2/Si heterojunctions are investigated via ultraviolet, X‐ray, and inverse photoemission spectroscopy, for c‐Si doping ranging from p++(1019) to n++(1019). The interface Fermi level position and device‐relevant TiO2/Si band offsets are found to shift monotonically as a function of the Si doping, revealing the absence of Fermi level pinning at the c‐Si interface and pointing to simple Fermi level equilibration as the driving mechanism behind the interface energy level alignment. Electrical transport measurements performed on TiO2/Si‐based diodes confirm the energy level alignment yielded by spectroscopic measurements and the hole‐blocking properties of the TiO2/Si heterojunction, exclude hole conduction in the TiO2 as a transport mechanism, and show carrier recombination at the TiO2/p‐Si heterojunction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".