Deep brain stimulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental illness which has a high prevalence rate and 30% of patients are treatment resistant. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an emerging treatment for treatment-resistant depressed patients. There have been a number of sites of neurosurgical intervention chosen with the subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG) as being the most investigated thus far. Other sites for deep brain stimulation include the medial forebrain bundle, the ventral capsule and the nucleus accumbens. This chapter will explore the evidence base for each of these sites of stimulation. Given the invasiveness of the procedure, it is vital that the side effects from the procedure itself, along with longer term potential side effects such as effects on cognition, are discussed. All potential side effects involved in the process of DBS will be outlined in this chapter from the evidence in the literature. Although the results thus far are encouraging for those with TRD, large-scale, placebo-controlled trials are needed to enhance the evidence base for the use of DBS for TRD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".