Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dene or North Slavey is a Dene (Athabaskan) language with nine affricates: /ts, tsʰ, ts’, t∫, t∫ʰ, t∫’, tɬ, tɬʰ, and tɬ’/. This paper provides a first investigation into the acoustics of these sounds using ~2000 tokens from eight speakers from Déline, NT, Canada. Within the lateral series, [tɬ] was found to be realized in a number of ways including [tɬ], [tɬl], [tl], and [tɬɮ], with phonetic voicing to varying degrees in the release. In contrast, [tɬʰ] was generally produced with a brief period of aspiration following the frication portion of the affricate, while ejectives were often followed by a brief period of silence between the frication and the vowel onset. COG measurements of [tɬ] (from the voiceless portion of the release) were lower than the alveolar and post-alveolar affricates, averaging 3500 Hz (s.d. = 2175 Hz). However, COG variation across and within speakers and words suggests varying place of articulation. Place of articulation may be less crucial to the identification of these sounds than manner cues such as the lateral component. Further work is underway to investigate differences in the distribution of energy in the frication and F0 perturbations between the different phonation types, and to investigate the alveolar and post-alveolar affricates in more depth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".