Synchronic and diachronic perspective on ‘word’ in Siouan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Siouan languages were spoken in aboriginal North America in a broad belt stretching from what is now Arkansas northward and westward across the western prairies and eastern great plains to Alberta. In addition there were Siouan languages scattered in the East in what is now Virginia, Alabama and Mississippi. The languages we will be discussing in this chapter are primarily Crow and Hidatsa, of the Missouri River subgroup, and Dakotan (including Dakota and Lakota dialects) and Dhegihan (including Omaha, Ponca, Kansa, Osage and Quapaw) of the Mississippi Valley subgroup. Data from other languages will be introduced as necessary. Typology Typologically, Siouan languages are primarily head-marking, active–stative, AOV, SV languages of moderate morphological complexity. Verbs are the most highly inflected category, and they may optionally include numerous and productive instances of noun incorporation. There are also many lexicalised noun–verb compounds. Sapir (1921: 142) characterised Dakota Sioux as ‘complex pure-relational’ in basic type with derivational concepts signalled by agglutinating elements and pure relational (mostly inflectional) concepts somewhat fused. Dakota's overall morphological technique he characterised as ‘agglutinative-fusional’ and degree of synthesis he characterised as ‘synthetic (mildly polysynthetic)’. Incorporation Compared with languages like Inuit or Iroquoian we would probably not want to characterise Dakotan, or the rest of Mississippi Valley Siouan, as productively incorporating, but Siouan verbs do incorporate a number of notions that speakers of most European languages would convey with separate words. And these include pronominal, instrumental, locative and directional concepts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".