Healing effects of prolotherapy in treatment of knee osteoarthritis healing effects of prolotherapy in treatment of knee osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pelotherapy is an injection therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain. We conducted a two-arm controlled trial to assess the efficacy of prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis (OA). A total of 104 adults with at least 6 months of painful primary knee OA were treated with dextrose prolotherapy (group I). They were divided into two subgroups: Ia and Ib. Subgroup Ia was treated with both techniques of prolotherapy (Hackett technique – classic, traditional prolotherapy – and Lyftgot technique – neural prolotherapy), whereas subgroup Ib was treated with the Hackett technique only. Extra-articular and intra-articular injections were administered at 1, 2, and 3 months, with as needed additional treatments at months 4 and 5. A total of 24 adults with at least 6 months of painful primary knee OA were treated with physiotherapy (group II). Outcome measures included the following: clinical assessment; visual analogue scale (VAS), 10; Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), 96 points; plain radiographs; and musculoskeletal ultrasound. Postprocedure hot packs were applied, and at-home massage and exercises were taught. 128 Patients enrolled in the study were matched with each other for sex, age, disease durations, and BMI. Subgroups Ia and Ib reported a significant improvement as regards the clinical assessment, VAS, WOMAC, and radiological assessment at 12 months, compared with their baseline at month 0 and compared with group II ( P ≤ 0.001). At 12 months, the mean ± SD of VAS was 0.32 ± 0.27 for subgroup Ia, 0.44 ± 0.5 for subgroup Ib, and 9.9 ± 1.65 for group II, and the mean ± SD of WOMAC was 11.32 ± 10.3 for subgroup Ia, 18.5 ± 10.25 for subgroup Ib, and 79.5 ± 22.63 for group II. Postprocedure application of hot packs, massage, and paracetamol resulted in diminution of injection-related pain. There were no adverse events. Prolotherapy resulted in clinically sustained improvement of pain, function, and radiological assessment, which means that the healing effects of prolotherapy is better than that of physiotherapy. The combination of the two prolotherapy techniques results in quicker and better improvement for patients in terms of the clinical assessment, VAS, and WOMAC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".