Marching to the Beat of a Newer Drum: Cultural Continuity and Revival in Nisga'a Church Armies, 1894–1970
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The emergence of evangelical revivalist organizations in the late nineteenth century, such as the Church of England's Church Army—and the more widely known Salvation Army—is typically understood by historians to be intertwined with the development of the working class in an industrializing capitalist society. Yet the rapid growth of Church Army branches among aboriginal peoples of British Columbia's north coast under different conditions in these same years challenges the often-assumed universality of categories of analysis such as class. This article explores the movement from a perspective that draws upon contemporary Nisg̲a'a memories of their Church Army and places these memories within the context of the challenges the Nisg̲a'a faced as a result of Euro-Canadian efforts to colonize them. It reveals the limits of such categories and the value of rethinking the history of aboriginal participation in larger, globalizing movements from indigenous perspectives. For the Nisg̲a'a, the attraction of the Church Army and its novel forms lay in the possibilities it offered for continuity during a difficult period of their history marked by cultural repression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.023 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".