Connecting local and global star formation via molecular cloud complex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To link the physical and star formation properties of structures ranging from Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs), to Molecular Cloud Complexes (MCCs), and to Galaxies, we compare the mutual relations between their masses M , mass surface densities ΣMgas , radii R, velocity dispersions σ, star formation rates SFR, and SFR densities ΣSFR using data from the CO 1–0 CfA survey and from the literature. We derive universal scaling relations for a comprehensive compilation of molecular cloud structures, spanning 8 orders of magnitudes in size and 13 orders of magnitudes in mass: σ ∼ R, M ∼ R, ΣSFR ∼ Σ 1.37 Mgas , SFR ∼ M, and SFR ∼ σ. We also find that the slopes and the coefficients are different for individual scales. Additionally, there is a break at the MCC scale in the σ − R relation and breaks between the starburst and the normal star-forming objects in the SFR−M and ΣSFR-ΣMgas relations. The Schmidt-Kennicutt diagram is used to distinguish starburst from normal star-forming structures by applying a ΣMgas threshold of 100M⊙pc −2 and a ΣSFR threshold of 1M⊙yr −1 kpc−2. Mini-starburst complexes are MCCs that have enhanced ΣSFR (>1M⊙yr −1 kpc−2), probably caused by dynamic events such as radiation pressure, colliding flows, or spiral arm gravitational instability which compress material within the MCCs. Because of the dynamical evolution, gravitational boundedness does not play a significant role in characterizing the star formation activity of MCC, especially the mini-starburst complex, which leads to the conclusion that the formation of massive stars and clusters is dynamic. Subject headings: (ISM:) dust, extinction, (ISM:) HII regions, dust, H I, ISM: structure, star formation, molecular cloud, extragalactic, galaxy National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Chile Observatory, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Institut de Plane tologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, LAOG (UMR 5571), Universit de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France I. Physik. Institut, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany Division of Theoretical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan Departamento de Astronomia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Joint ALMAObservatory, 3107 Alonso de Cordova, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Carver Building, 1 University Road, Nsukka, Nigeria Laboratoire AIM Paris-Saclay, CEA/IRFU CNRS/INSU Universite Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France EACOA Fellow at NAOJ, Japan & KASI, Korea -
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".