Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Disruption in Central Nervous System Radiation Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury is a major dose-limiting toxicity that limits the effectiveness of radiation therapy. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and white matter necrosis are prominent features. Increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) accompanies and is believed to be important in BBB disruption in other CNS injuries. Our aim was to assess the expression of ICAM-1 and its relationship to regions of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption in the irradiated rat spinal cord. ICAM-1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantified by digital image analysis. Cells expressing ICAM-1 were identified. BSCB disruption was assessed by immunohistochemical detection of serum albumin. ICAM-1 expression localized predominantly to vascular endothelium and increased in white matter but not in grey matter at 24 hours and 17 to 20 weeks after 22 Gy. A dose response was observed from 16 to 20 Gy. ICAM-1 expression colocalized with regions of BSCB disruption. ICAM-1 expression was also observed in glia, a majority of which were astrocytes. The parallel dose response, time course, and spatial distribution of ICAM-1 expression and albumin leakage suggest a role for ICAM-1 in late BSCB disruption after radiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".