Bibliographic record
Abstract
Strengthening of post-consonantal glides /w/ and /j/ to obstruents or nasals is cross-linguistically uncommon, especially when the process is synchronically conditioned. This study investigates acoustic correlates of post-consonantal glide strengthening in Kirundi, an eastern Bantu language spoken in Burundi. The materials included words with /w/ or /j/ preceded by labial obstruent or nasal consonants /p, b, v, m/—the contexts that have been previously described to trigger the process. The morphological context was also varied, with sequences occurring at prefix-root or suffix-root boundaries, or within a root. Four female and four male native speakers produced the word list in a carrier sentence three times. The analysis involved phonetic classification of strengthened glides, as well as their duration and spectral measurements (frication/burst spectra and following vowel formants). The results showed that the post-consonantal /w/ was consistently realized as an oral or nasal stop agreeing with the preceding consonant in voicing and nasality, consistently with previous descriptive accounts. The realization of the post-consonantal /j/, however, was considerably more variable across and within speakers, ranging from a palatal stop or nasal to a weakly fricated/nasalized glide, and showing some sensitivity to morphological structure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".