Response of Bosmina size structure to the acidification and recovery of lakes near Sudbury, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In response to biotic and abiotic cues, the cladoceran genus Bosmina can undergo changes in body size and appendage length and shape over successive generations. To improve our understanding of the environmental controls on Bosmina size structure, we used paleolimnological techniques to examine Bosmina size responses to the extreme acidification and metal contamination, and then subsequent chemical recovery, of lakes in the vicinity of mining and smelting operations near Sudbury, Canada. During the acidification period, Bosmina antennule and carapace length significantly increased in three of the five study lakes, while mucro length significantly decreased in four of the five lakes. However, despite the recent return to pre-impact pH levels, the size structure of the present-day Bosmina community still differs from the pre-impact size distributions. We suggest that the continued dominance of the food webs by small invertebrate predators (e.g., cyclopoid copepods) is responsible for the persistent changes to Bosmina size structure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".