Bibliographic record
Abstract
An acoustic experiment was conducted to study the stress and tone systems of Punjabi, an under-documented Indo-Aryan language. Tone and stress are linked because tone associates with the stressed syllable (Bailey, 1914; Wells and Roach, 1980; Baart, 2003). The experiment was used determine the acoustic cues of stress and the tonal contours of the three Punjabi tones: default, rising, and falling. Five native speakers read a list of 85 words five times. Measurements of duration, intensity, f0 were made in Praatand analyzed in SPSS. The Mixed Models analysis of normalized intensity and duration revealed that the acoustic cue of stress is the duration of the rhyme. A similar finding for Hindi, a closely related language, is reported in Nair et al. (2001). As for tone, the default tone has the smallest f0 range and the falling tone has the largest f0 range. Falling tone is realized entirely on the stressed syllable whereas for the rising tone, the phenomenon of peak delay is observed unless tone occurs on a word-final syllable. Peak delay is also observed in Mandarin (Xu, 2001). This work offers an in-depth understanding of the phonological aspects of the stress and tone systems of Punjabi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".