Potential impacts of climate change on acoustic propagation in the Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Some forecasts show surface pH in the Arctic dropping from 8.1 to 7.6 over the next 100 years. This substantial decrease may cause changes in acoustic transmission at frequencies where the pH-dependent borate absorption plays a role, below about 5 kHz. In many cases, upward refraction of sound in the near-isothermal Arctic waters causes ice or surface scattering effects to dominate transmission. However, recent observations in the Canada Basin show that 700 and 900-Hz sound can be fully ducted beneath the Pacific Summer Water, with no ice interaction, and be detectable over distances of a few hundred kilometers. In this situation, the received signal level is controlled largely by cylindrical spreading and absorption. Here, for a wide band of frequencies, the effects of probable pH reductions and reduced absorption are investigated using a few models of pH depth profiles. There is potential for increased signal levels of 5 dB or more for 200-km propagation if the duct waters have significantly reduced pH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".