Bibliographic record
Abstract
International migration and a thriving market in migrant trafficking pose threats to security in the Asia Pacific region. Fifteen years ago, when the world was still cemented into Western and Socialist blocs, international migration hardly occurred between the two blocs. Migration was a phenomenon that was largely marginalized as an issue of third-world countries. But times have changed, and the political map of the world is more diverse than before. The opening of the former Socialist countries and rapid technological developments gave rise to the era of globalization that spins all countries, industrial and developing, into a global web. In the multicultural world of the 21st century, it has become more difficult, if not impossible, to closely monitor and control the movements of people. This is especially true in a region as politically and culturally diverse as the Asia Pacific region. As a result, international migration, migrant trafficking, and regional security are emerging as important new issues on the political agenda. International Migration The Asia Pacific region is home to more than one-third of the world population and is also a source, transit point, and destination for increasing numbers of migrants. Many nations in the region have been formed over the centuries by migratory movements. In addition, people from the region have migrated all around the world. [1] International migration--be it legal or illegal, documented or irregular--is the ultimate result of multiple factors that alternatively or cumulatively cause people to leave their home countries for foreign shores. The factors that induce people to migrate are complex and may be perceived as pushing, thus encouraging emigration, or pulling, encouraging immigration, or they may exist in a complex network of social or economic ties. Political instability and armed conflict, rapid population growth, environmental degradation, widening economic disparities between countries, and a worsening unemployment crisis in the Asia Pacific region have caused severe migration pressures that have led many people to leave their home countries and move abroad in order to find protection, employment, higher wages, or simply a better life. Voluntarily or involuntarily, people are migrating to other countries to secure their lives, their families and friends, or their property. Almost invariably, migration in the region has occurred where political, demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental push and pull factors combine with growing migration systems, leading more people to migrate. With scarcity of economic resources and the continuing lack of human rights recognition in some parts of the region, migration pressures are growing; yet migratory movements are still small in numbers in comparison with the growing population in the Asia Pacific region. Not surprisingly, where people feel politically suppressed or where poverty and unemployment appear to be the rule rather than the exception, people often see the only way out in illegal migration and in the services that migrant traffickers offer. Migrant Trafficking The Asia Pacific region has been described as the busiest region in the world in terms of illegal migration and organized crime. Every form of criminal behavior associated with migrant trafficking--including document fraud, corruption, and bribery--has been documented here. Restrictive immigration policies and sophisticated criminal organization create and sustain the demand for illegal migration. As a result, many destination countries have imposed even stricter restrictions on legal immigration and further criminalized irregular and clandestine immigration, exacerbating the problem of illegal migration. Australia, Canada, and the United States, for example, have responded to increasing numbers of asylum seekers by placing legal and administrative restrictions on immigration and asylum systems. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.034 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".