The Dispute Settlement Mechanism of Anti-dumping:As Both a Sword and a Shield in the International Trade War
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since WTO founded,a large-scale trade disputes cases broke out. The western developed countries represent the United States and the European Union used their familiar with international trade rules,launched antidumping and countervailing case investigation against China,India and other developing countries frequently,and imposed high anti-dumping,countervailing duties for a long-term to the goods from these countries. However,in recent years,more and more developing countries such as India,China also began use the WTO dispute settlement mechanism,through the relevant legal procedures,protect and develop their domestic marketing and economy. At this point,the dispute settlement mechanism of anti-dumping becomes both sword and shield.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.013 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".