Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methyl bromide is listed as one of the ozone depleting substances (ODS) in the Montreal Protocol and going to be phased out in developing countries in 2015 according to Copenhagen Amendment. A China-Italian cooperative project, Transfer of alternative technologies to the use of methyl bromide and capacity building in soil fumigation (strawberry sector), funded by Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory was implemented in Mancheng County, Hebei Province. The treatments included metham sodium (MS) 35g/m~2, MS 26.25g/m~2+VIF (virtually impermeable film), solarization+biological control agent (BCA) 10g/m~2, methyl bromide (MB) 50g/m~2 and 55g/m~2 , MB 37.5g/m~2+VIF and MB 41 g/m~2+VIF, resistant cultivars and untreated control (CK). The results showed that MS and MS+VIF applied through chemgation were the most promising alternatives to MB. The yields of MS and MS+VIF treatments on c.v. Darselect were 26[KG*5]816kg/hm~2 and 23[KG*5]672kg/hm~2, respectively, while the yield of MB treatment was 28[KG*5]346kg/hm~2. The yield of MS and MS+VIF on c.v. Idea were 19[KG*5]844kg/hm~2 and 15[KG*5]989kg/hm~2, while the yield of MB treatment was 19[KG*5]657kg/hm~2 in 2001-2002. The yields of MS and MS+VIF treatments on c.v. Darselect were 23[KG*5]073kg/hm~2 and 23[KG*5]446kg/hm~2, respectively, while the yield of MB treatment was 25[KG*5]285kg/hm~2. The yield of MS and MS+VIF on c.v. All star were 29[KG*5]594kg/hm~2 and 27[KG*5]677kg/hm~2, while the yield of MB treatment was 32[KG*5]191kg/hm~2 in 2002-2003. There were no significant differences in the tested alternatives from the yield obtained by MB treatment according to statistic analysis. VIF reduced MB emission. Low dosage of MB with VIF by hot gas system did not show any significant difference from normal MB dosage with polyethylene munching in yield and the vigor of strawberry. Solarization+BCA gave higher yield than the untreated control, but it was significantly lower than that from plots treated with MB. It can not be used as an alternative to MB. Resistant c.v. Idea imported from Italy and local c.v. All star did not show good resistance to local soil pathogens, which had more collapsed plants with low yield compared to c.v. Darselect, which showed some resistance to soil pathogens. The yield, however, in MB, MB+VIF, MS, MS+VIF treated plots was higher than that of the untreated ones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".