Ecology, life history, and genetic differentiation in Neotropical<i>Melinaea</i>(Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) butterflies from north-eastern Peru
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Butterflies of the genus Melinaea have conspicuous warning colours and are thought to be the prime distasteful models in many cases of mimicry in the Neotropics. Colour pattern variability has made systematics challenging and previous studies have found little to no genetic differentiation. This paper provides detailed descriptions of the immature stages of seven Melinaea taxa from north-eastern Peru, including distribution and host plant use, in addition to measures of genetic differentiation using microsatellite markers and mitochondrial sequences. Development time and immature stages were similar, making it difficult to elucidate taxonomy based on larval morphological characters. All taxa used Juanulloa as a host plant (Solanaceae), except Melinaea ‘marsaeus’ mothone, which occurs at higher elevations and used Trianaea (Solanaceae). The seven taxa show virtually no mitochondrial divergence, suggesting a recent radiation. Microsatellite markers, however, revealed distinct genetic clusters and evidence of admixture, demonstrating a complex diversification history. Ecological and genetic differentiation observed for Mel. ‘marsaeus’ mothone prompts for a taxonomic status revision to Melinaea mothone mothone and the taxonomic status of Melinaea ‘satevis’ tarapotensis remains unclear. Clearly, further work is needed to clarify the systematics and to shed light on the processes driving speciation in this genus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".