5-bit 5-GS/s Noninterleaved Time-Based ADC in 65-nm CMOS for Radio-Astronomy Applications
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a 5-bit noninterleaved time-based analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which operates at a 5-GS/s rate. The ADC is designed for the use in radio-astronomy telescopes, for which time interleaving is not acceptable. The ADC employs a dynamic, differential voltage-to-time converter, a folded-flash time-to-digital converter (TDC), and calibration circuitry. To generate reference delays, the calibration circuitry utilizes a delay-time reference network, which is designed to map the input voltage range into 16 equal time intervals that are used for the calibration of the TDC. The 65-nm CMOS ADC achieves the Signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio/spurious-free dynamic range of 27/32 dB at Nyquist, an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 4.7 bit at low frequencies and 4.1 bit at high frequencies with a power consumption of 21.5 mW at Nyquist.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it