Gender, Occupational Stress, Resources, and Sleep Deprivation among Immigrant Micro-business Owners: Cross-sectional Survey of Korean Immigrants in Toronto, Canada.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Literature highlights occupational stressors as critical determinants of psychological well-being. Although immigrant micro-business owners (MBOs) tend to suffer from long work hours with heavy workloads in low-yielding service sectors, studies have rarely investigated their experiences. This study compares a sample of immigrant MBOs with matched (sex, age) samples of paid employees on: 1) occupational stressors (i.e. physical, psychological, and emotional demands), 2) occupational resources (i.e. autonomy, job satisfaction), and 3) sleep deprivation. METHODS: Between March and November 2013, 1288 Korean immigrant workers (51.4% men, 48.6% women, aged 20 to 64) living in and around the Greater Toronto Area were interviewed in person. Participants included owners of micro-businesses such as convenience stores, laundromats, and small restaurants. Paid employees consisted of professionals, office workers, and manual workers. The health outcome, sleep deprivation, was assessed by a standardized 9-item scale tapping sleeplessness, disturbed sleep, fatigue, and work dysfunction. RESULTS: Compared to paid employees, MBOs reported a higher degree of occupational demands (physical, psychological, and emotional) and job autonomy. Among males, job satisfaction was higher for MBOs; female MBOs expressed less satisfaction than male MBOs and female professional and office workers. Among male samples, the effects of physical and emotional demands on sleep deprivation were greatest for MBOs; however, effect differences were not apparent within the female samples. Job satisfaction significantly mitigated the associations of sleep deprivation with physical demand ( P =.011) for female MBOs and emotional demands ( P =.053) for male MBOs, but not paid employees. Autonomy also seemed to benefit male MBOs in buffering the negative health effects of emotional demand ( P =.0221).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".