Design Principle of Railway Subgrade for Plateau Frost Soil Zone and Its Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Railway subgrade engineering of Golmud-Lhasa section on Qinghai-Tibet line accounts for 90% of the total length of the line. Over 60% of the subgrade will be built on permafrost zone which is zoologically weak and specially poor in geology phenomena growth. Therefore, determination of the design principle of railway subgrade and its application will be a key issue in the technical and economic policy-making of the line. Based on the thorough analysis on the design principle of railway subgrade for frost zone in Russia, Canada and the United States and the research results and practices in China in the past years and in combination with the present environmental background of the global climate getting warmer,the paper puts forward the design principle of railway subgrade for Qinghai-Tibet plateau frost zone and its application. The principles are: 1) Hold the frost soil in freezing status (a principle of protecting the frost soil). This principle is applicable to sections where the annual average ground temperature of permafrost is lower than -1.0℃, i.e., the basically stable ground temperature zone Ⅱ 2 and the partly relative stable ground temperature transition zone Ⅱ 3. 2) Keep the frost soil from gradually melting or partly melting (a principle of bringing the soil-melt under control). The principle is applicable to the sections where the annual ground temperature of the frost soil is lower than -0.5 ℃ ? ?1.0 ℃, or, where the T cp is lower than -1.0 ℃, but it is difficult or not necessary to hold the soil under fully frozen status according to the analysis on the calorifics conditions of the soil during construction and operation period, i.e., the unstable ground temperature zone Ⅲ 1. 3) Pre-melt or clear the frost(the principle of breaking the frost). The principal is applicable to the extremely unstable zone Ⅲ 2 where the T cp is higher than -0.5 ℃, or, the T cp is lower than -0.5 ℃ , but it is hard to hold subgrade soil under frost status according to the analysis on the calorifics conditions of the soil during the construction period. It is applicable to sections even under partly melting condition, or sections where the overall layer is stable, but has thin underground ice layer and ice layer with soil inserts in the construction depth. The abstract also analyzes the basis for preparing the principals and its applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".