Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the face of severe criticism from most of the world's leaders, President Clinton on 17 September 1997 refused to sign the Ottawa treaty, declaring: 'As Commander-in-Chief, I will not send our soldiers to defend the freedom of our people and the freedom of others without doing everything we can to make them as secure as possible. There is a line I simply cannot cross, and that line is the safety and security of our men and women in uniform'. His own internal struggle with this issue was demonstrated during an interview weeks before President Clinton left office during which he said he 'bitterly regretted that the U.S. did not sign the land mine treaty in December 1997, and that it is one of his bitterest regrets of the last eight years'. The President of the United States is responsible for balancing the military needs and humanitarian concerns of the nation. Land mine policy will be a challenging issue for the Bush administration, testing the president's military and foreign policy. This paper will probe the anti-personnel land mines (APL) issue, seeking to review our approach to the Ottawa treaty, current U.S. policy, and present recommendations on future APL policy for the Bush administration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".