More than skin deep: embryonic heat shock increases pigment and skeletal variation in zebrafish, <i>Danio rerio</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that more genetic variation is present among metazoans than normally expressed by the phenotype, due in part to the canalization of development. Among teleosts this genetic variation is often expressed as phenotypic change in response to environmental cues. For example, some fish species demonstrate meristic variation in caudal fin ray number and vertebrae counts as a result of seasonal or experimental temperature change. Using embryonic zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), this intrinsic relationship is being explored to examine the influence of environmental disturbance on development form. Following a 37°C heat shock during early somitogenesis, phenotypic variability was noted in the lower trunk and tail bud regions, where somite development was reduced or ceased prematurely. Phenotypic variation was examined among 400 mature individuals to further elucidate the degree of change. Here, bone‐specific staining indicates increased variation in the shape and number of skeletal elements among fish heat‐shocked during a narrow developmental window (9–16 somite stages), with an increase in the number of caudal vertebrae and decrease in the number of caudal fin rays. Similarly, variation among zebrafish pigment patterns is accentuated with heat shock treatment. Exposure of such phenotypic variation creates a basis for selection and sheds light on the underlying mechanism for genetic assimilation. This work was supported by an FGS grant to M.H.C and an NSERC grant to B.K.H.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".