Effect of different doses of ketamine on separation anxiety and emergence agitation in pediatrics undergoing PCNL under sevoflurane general anesthesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM:To investigate the preventive effect of ketamine with different doses on separation anxiety and emergence agitation(EA) after sevoflurane anesthesia in children for PC-NL(percutaneous nephrolithotomy lithotripsy)surgery.METHODS:Eighty children,ranging in age from 2-8years old,undergoing PCNL surgery were randomly allocated to one of the 4groups:group C received normal saline,group K 0.5,K 0.75and K1received ketamine 0.5mg/kg,0.75mg/kg or 1.0mg/kg intravenously before entering the operating room respectively.Children in four groups received conventional sevoflurane for maintain anesthesia.The separation anxiety score before induction was evaluated.Extubation time,post-anesthesia care unit stay time,postoperative nausea and vomiting,emergence agitation,and pain(the modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale,Modified CHEOPS)were assessed.RESULTS:The preoperative separation anxiety scores in group K 0.75and group K1 were significantlylower than those in group K 0.5and group C(P0.05).Time of extubation and post-anesthesia care unit stay in group K1was significantly lower than that three groups(P0.05).The incidence of EA and Modified CHEOPS were significantly higher than those three-ketamine groups(P0.05),but there was no statistically significant differences among three ketamine groups(P 0.05).CONCLUSION:Ketamine0.75mg/kg administered before entering the operating room reduced separation anxiety,postoperative pain and incidence of EA without delay in recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".