Sexual Minorities, Migration, and the Remaining Boundaries of Canadian Immigration and Refugee Laws
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canadian immigration and refugee laws have evolved significantly in the last twenty years; Canada now has some of the most lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) friendly immigration and refugee legislation in the world. Sexual minorities facing persecution may make applications for refugee status through Canada’s inland refugee determination system or through the resettlement from abroad programs. Furthermore, reform of immigration laws has removed the bar to sponsoring gay and lesbian partners and LGBT immigrants can now obtain permanent resident status through family sponsorship. However, as outlined in this chapter, sexual minorities continue to encounter a specific set of challenges when they migrate and settle in Canada. Several of the most significant issues arise in relation to the application of the refugee and immigration systems. As a result, the extent to which LGBT refugees and same-sex binational couples can successfully migrate to and settle in Canada continues to be of concern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.042 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".