An Analysis of the Financial Prudential Exception in the Investment Treaties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As a result of the financial crises since the early 1990s,especially the ongoing global financial crisis originating from the US,it has become a broadening consensus that it is necessary for investment treaties to specify the financial regulatory right of the host countries in connection with the investment under such treaties.In terms of provisions for such regulatory right,arrangements for financial prudential exceptions under the model bilateral investment treaties(BIT) of the United States and Canada have been held up as highly exemplary and have been adopted as reference for investment treaties of China and some other countries of the world.However,existing provisions or specifications of financial prudential exceptions are still in their infancy in terms of their applicability to the conclusion of treaties or dispute resolution and hence in need of improvement.In view of this,China should,on the basis of experiences of other countries and regions,design its own viable and proper arrangements for financial prudential exceptions in light of the actual conditions of China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".