Evaluation of a geosynthetic clay liner water retention curve using vapour equilibrium technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Vapour Equilibrium Technique (VET) has gained popularity as a reliable method for controlling relative humidity as well as vapour suction in various porous media. In this study, super-saturated salt solutions were used to control Relative Humidity (RH) and to infer the water retention curve for a needle punched geosynthetic clay liner with respect to time under free swell and 20 kPa applied stress. Results showed that GCL sample RH plays a key role in moisture absorption/desorption behaviour and equilibration time when RH is in equilibrium with suction. Water absorption isotherms for the bentonite component of GCL agreed well with literature data. It was also observed that the effect of applied stress on water retention was more pronounced at high relative humidity and corresponding low suction. The results presented in this paper can help improve the understanding the water retention behaviour of GCLs in field applications such as waste containment liners and cover systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".